Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer May Benefit from Alternating Mammography and MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alternated with mammography at six-month intervals can detect breast tumors not identified by mammography alone, according to recent research.

A research team from the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX, USA) reported their findings in December 2008 at the CRTC-AACR (American Association for Cancer Research) San Antonio (TX, USA) Breast Cancer Symposium.

MRI is known to be more sensitive in detecting breast cancers than mammography, with a 71-100% accuracy compared to 16-40% accuracy for mammography. As a result, annual breast cancer screening for high-risk women now typically includes MRI scanning along with mammography and a clinical breast exam. "In the high-risk population, the recent standard of practice is to perform mammography and MRI every year,” said Huong Le-Petross, M.D., assistant professor of diagnostic radiology at M.D. Anderson and the study's first author. "What we started to do at M.D. Anderson was to see if we could do mammography and then six months later do a breast MRI exam, followed six months later with a mammogram exam, and then six months after that with a breast MRI. That way the women would receive an imaging modality screening every six months.”

In the pilot study, presented at the symposium, the researchers performed a retrospective chart review of 334 women who had participated in a high-risk breast cancer-screening program at M.D. Anderson from January 1997 to December 2007. The women had undergone between one and four MRI screening cycles and were considered to be at high risk if they had hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, a personal history of breast cancer, a biopsy indicating atypia or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), or a 20% or higher lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, as estimated by the Gail model.

In the all-M.D. Anderson study, 86 of the 334 high-risk women (26%) underwent this alternating approach. Among this group, 46% completed the first round of MRI screening, 28% completed the second round, 13% completed the third round, and 4% completed the fourth round. The other 248 women underwent prophylactic mastectomy or were started on chemoprevention agents. All study participants were given a clinical breast exam every six months. The median follow-up time was two years, with a range of one to four years.

The alternating MRI- and mammography-screening program detected nine cancers among the 86 women: five invasive ductal carcinomas, three invasive lobular carcinoma, and two ductal carcinomas in situ. Five (55%) of these cancers were identified by MRI but not by mammography, three (33%) were found by both MRI and mammography, and one (11%) cancer, a tumor one millimeter in size, was overlooked by both screening techniques. No cancer was detected by mammography alone.

"We found that MRI picked up the majority of cancers, while mammography picked up only three out of the nine,” Dr. Le-Petross noted. With five of the eight cancers detected by MRI, the mammogram from six months earlier was either normal or suggested benign findings. "The global picture is that MRI can pick up cancers that mammography cannot,” Dr. Le-Petross said. "This would suggest that in this population it is more beneficial for the patient to have screening MRI so that we can pick up small lesions before a mammogram can detect them.”

One important unanswered question is whether an alternating MRI- and mammography-screening program will save lives. "That is going to take a five- to 10-year follow-up to determine,” Dr. Le-Petross added. "It is an exciting question because mammography has always been the standard, and now we are challenging that gold standard examination.”

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